by A. G. Sulzberger at NYT:
The hard work of journalism has long carried risks, especially in countries without democratic safeguards. But whats different today is that these brutal crackdowns are being passively accepted and perhaps even tacitly encouraged by the president of the United States.
This countrys leaders have long understood that the free press is one of Americas greatest exports. Sure, theyd complain about our coverage and bristle at the secrets we brought to light. But even as domestic politics and foreign policy would change, a baseline commitment to protecting journalists and their rights would remain.
When four of our journalists were beaten and held hostage by the Libyan military, the State Department played a critical role in securing their release. Interventions like this were often accompanied by a stern reminder to the offending government that the United States defends its journalists.
The current administration, however, has retreated from our countrys historical role as a defender of the free press. Seeing that, other countries are targeting journalists with a growing sense of impunity.
This isnt just a problem for reporters; its a problem for everyone, because this is how authoritarian leaders bury critical information, hide corruption, even justify genocide. As Senator John McCain once warned, When you look at history, the first thing that dictators do is shut down the press.
To give you a sense of what this retreat looks like on the ground, let me tell you a story Ive never shared publicly before. Two years ago, we got a call from a United States government official warning us of the imminent arrest of a New York Times reporter based in Egypt named Declan Walsh. Though the news was alarming, the call was actually fairly standard. Over the years, weve received countless such warnings from American diplomats, military leaders and national security officials.
But this particular call took a surprising and distressing turn. We learned the official was passing along this warning without the knowledge or permission of the Trump administration. Rather than trying to stop the Egyptian government or assist the reporter, the official believed, the Trump administration intended to sit on the information and let the arrest be carried out. The official feared being punished for even alerting us to the danger.
Unable to count on our own government to prevent the arrest or help free Declan if he were imprisoned, we turned to his native country, Ireland, for help. Within an hour, Irish diplomats traveled to his house and safely escorted him to the airport before Egyptian forces could detain him.
We hate to imagine what would have happened had that brave official not risked their career to alert us to the threat.
Eighteen months later, another of our reporters, David Kirkpatrick, arrived in Egypt and was detained and deported in apparent retaliation for exposing information that was embarrassing to the Egyptian government. When we protested the move, a senior official at the United States Embassy in Cairo openly voiced the cynical worldview behind the Trump administrations tolerance for such crackdowns. What did you expect would happen to him? he said. His reporting made the government look bad.
Since assuming office, President Trump has tweeted about fake news nearly 600 times. His most frequent targets are independent news organizations with a deep commitment to reporting fairly and accurately. To be absolutely clear, The Times and other news organizations are fair game for criticism. Journalism is a human enterprise, and we sometimes make mistakes. But we also try to own our mistakes, to correct them and to rededicate ourselves every day to the highest standards of journalism.
But when the president decries fake news, hes not interested in actual mistakes. Hes trying to delegitimize real news, dismissing factual and fair reporting as politically motivated fabrications.
So when The Times reveals his familys fraudulent financial practices, when The Wall Street Journal reveals hush money paid to a porn star, when The Washington Post reveals his personal foundations self-dealing, he can sidestep accountability by simply dismissing the reports as fake news.
Even though all those stories and countless more that hes labeled fake have been confirmed as accurate, there is evidence that his attacks are achieving their intended effect: One recent poll found that 82 percent of Republicans now trust President Trump more than they trust the media. One of the presidents supporters was recently convicted of sending explosives to CNN, one of the most frequent targets of the fake news charge.
But in attacking American media, President Trump has done more than undermine his own citizens faith in the news organizations attempting to hold him accountable. He has effectively given foreign leaders permission to do the same with their countries journalists, and even given them the vocabulary with which to do it.
Theyve eagerly embraced the approach. My colleagues and I recently researched the spread of the phrase fake news, and what we found is deeply alarming: In the past few years, more than 50 prime ministers, presidents and other government leaders across five continents have used the term fake news to justify varying levels of anti-press activity.
The phrase has been used by Prime Minister Viktor Orban in Hungary and President Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Turkey, who have levied massive fines to force independent news organizations to sell to government loyalists. Its been used by President Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela and President Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines, who have attacked the press as theyve led bloody crackdowns.
In Myanmar, the phrase is used to deny the existence of an entire people who are systematically targeted with violence to force them out of their country. There is no such thing as Rohingya, a leader in Myanmar told The Times. It is fake news.
The phrase has been used to jail journalists in Cameroon, to suppress stories about corruption in Malawi, to justify a social media blackout in Chad, to prevent overseas news organizations from operating in Burundi. It has been used by the leaders of our longtime allies, like Mexico and Israel. It has been used by longtime rivals, like Iran, Russia and China.
It has been used by liberal leaders, like Irelands prime minister, Leo Varadkar. Its been used by right-wing leaders, like Brazils president, Jair Bolsonaro. Standing next to President Bolsanaro in the Rose Garden, President Trump said, Im very proud to hear the president use the term fake news.
Our foreign correspondents have experienced the weaponization of the fake news charge firsthand. Last year, Hannah Beech, who covers Southeast Asia, was at a speech by Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia. In the middle of his remarks, Mr. Hun Sen uttered a single phrase in English: The New York Times. He said that The Times was so biased that it had been given a fake news award by President Trump, and he threatened that if our story didnt support his version of the truth, there would be consequences.
Hannah felt a growing hostility in the crowd of thousands as the prime minister searched her out and warned, The Cambodian people will remember your faces.
I have raised these concerns with President Trump. Ive told him that these efforts to attack and suppress independent journalism is what the United States is now inspiring abroad. Though he listened politely and expressed concern, he has continued to escalate his anti-press rhetoric, which has reached new heights as he campaigns for re-election.
President Trump is no longer content to delegitimize accurate reporting as fake news. Now, he has taken to demonizing reporters themselves, calling them the true enemy of the people and even accusing them of treason. With these phrases, he has not just inspired autocratic rulers around the world, he has also borrowed from them.
The phrase enemy of the people has a particularly brutal history. It was used to justify mass executions during the French Revolution and the Third Reich. And it was used by Lenin and Stalin to justify the systematic murder of Soviet dissidents.
The treason charge is perhaps the most serious a commander in chief can make. By threatening to prosecute journalists for invented crimes against their country, President Trump gives repressive leaders implicit license to do the same.
In the United States, the Constitution, the rule of law and a still-robust news media act as a constraint. But abroad, foreign leaders can silence journalists with alarming effectiveness.
Nick Casey, a Times reporter who was repeatedly threatened and ultimately barred from Venezuela for aggressive reporting on the brutal Maduro regime, stressed how much more serious consequences can be for local journalists. If this is what countries are capable of doing to me, as a Times reporter, what are they capable of doing to their own citizens? he asked. Far worse. And Ive seen it.
Even as we worry about the dangers our own reporters face, those dangers usually pale in comparison to what courageous local journalists confront around the world. They search for truth and report what they find, knowing that they and their loved ones are vulnerable to fines, arrests, beatings, torture, rape and murder. These reporters are the front-line soldiers in the battle for press freedom, and theyre the ones who pay the greatest price for President Trumps anti-press rhetoric.
The cases of intimidation and violence Ive discussed today are just a few of the ones we know about. On any given day, similar stories are unfolding around the world, many of which will never surface or be recorded. In many places, fear of reprisal is great enough that it has a chilling effect stories go unpublished, secrets remain buried, wrongdoing remains covered up.
This is a perilous moment for journalism, for free expression and for an informed public. But the moments and places where it is most difficult and dangerous to be a journalist are the moments and places where journalism is needed most.
A tour of our nations history reminds that the role of the free press has been one of the few areas of enduring consensus, transcending party and ideology for generations. Thomas Jefferson wrote that the only security of all is in a free press. John F. Kennedy called the free press invaluable because without debate, without criticism, no administration and no country can succeed and no republic can survive. Ronald Reagan went even further, saying, There is no more essential ingredient than a free, strong and independent press to our continued success in what the founding fathers called our noble experiment in self-government.
Despite this tradition of American presidents defending the free press, I do not believe President Trump has any intention of changing course or muting his attacks on journalists. If recent history is any guide, he may point to my comments today and claim that The Times has a political vendetta against him. To be clear, Im not challenging the presidents recklessness because of his party, his ideology or his criticism of The Times.
Im sounding the alarm because his words are dangerous and having real-world consequences around the globe. But even if the president ignores this alarm and continues on this path, there are important steps the rest of us can take to protect the free press and support those who dedicate their lives to seeking truth around the world.
It starts with understanding the stakes. The First Amendment has served as the worlds gold standard for free speech and the free press for two centuries. It has been one of the keys to an unprecedented flourishing of freedom and prosperity in this country and, through its example, around the world. We cannot allow a new global framework, like the repressive model embraced by China, Russia and others, to take hold.
This means, in the face of mounting pressure, news organizations must hold fast to the values of great journalism fairness, accuracy, independence while opening ourselves so the public can better understand our work and its role in society. We need to keep chasing the stories that matter, regardless of whether theyre trending on Twitter. We cannot allow ourselves to be baited or applauded into becoming anyones opposition or cheerleader. Our loyalty must be to facts, not to any party or any leader, and we must continue to follow the truth wherever it leads, without fear or favor.
But the responsibility to stand up for the free press extends beyond news organizations. Business, nonprofit and academic communities, all of which rely on the free and reliable flow of news and information, have a responsibility to push back on this campaign, too. That is particularly true of tech giants like Facebook, Twitter, Google and Apple. Their track record of standing up to governments abroad is spotty at best; theyve too often turned a blind eye to disinformation and, at times, permitted the suppression of real journalism.
But as they move even deeper into making, commissioning and distributing journalism, they also have a responsibility to start defending journalism.
Our political leaders need to step up, too. Those elected to uphold our Constitution betray its ideals when they undermine the free press for short-term political gain. Leaders from both parties should support independent journalism and fight anti-press efforts at home and abroad.
Here in the United States, that means rejecting efforts like frivolous lawsuits and investigations targeting government leaks that aim to chill aggressive reporting. And around the world, it means opposing the countless efforts underway to attack, intimidate and delegitimize journalists.
Finally, none of these efforts will make a difference unless you raise your voice. Care about where your news comes from and how its made. Find news organizations you trust and enable the expensive, arduous work of original reporting by buying a subscription. Support organizations like the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders that defend journalists at risk around the world. Most of all, carve out a place for journalism in your everyday life and use what you learn to make a difference.
The true power of a free press is an informed, engaged citizenry. I believe in independent journalism and want it to thrive. I believe in this country and its values, and I want us to live up to them and offer them as a model for a freer and more just world.
The United States has done more than any other country to popularize the idea of free expression and to champion the rights of the free press. The time has come for us to fight for those ideals again.